{"id":71817,"date":"2026-07-01T17:52:36","date_gmt":"2026-07-01T15:52:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lexia.it\/2026\/07\/01\/data-act-cloud-switching\/"},"modified":"2026-07-02T11:58:16","modified_gmt":"2026-07-02T09:58:16","slug":"data-act-cloud-switching","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lexia.it\/de\/2026\/07\/01\/data-act-cloud-switching\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter VI of the Data Act and cloud switching: legal framework and operational implications"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The freedom to switch cloud service providers has, until now, been more of a theoretical principle than an effective right. Chapter VI of Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854 (Data Act) addresses precisely this critical issue, not as a standalone regulatory regime separate from the contractual framework governing cloud services, but as an additional layer of regulation applying to the same legal relationship and therefore necessarily coexisting with it within a framework of mutual integration. The cloud services market has historically been built on proprietary architectures, non-interoperable formats and economic mechanisms that structurally discourage customers from exiting a provider\u2019s ecosystem. Acknowledging this situation, the European legislator has sought to address the issue by introducing binding regulatory obligations, requiring providers to remove any obstacle \u2014 whether commercial, technical or contractual \u2014 that prevents customers from effectively exercising their freedom of choice when switching providers. For providers, this entails the need to carry out a thorough and systematic review of contracts, migration procedures and pricing models. For customers, by contrast, it opens up a new operational space in which data portability and the freedom to switch become fully enforceable rights.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vendor lock-in in the cloud services market<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As clearly reflected in the recitals of the Regulation, the European legislator started from an essentially empirical observation: the self-regulatory mechanisms encouraged until then had not produced the desired effects. Regulation (EU) 2018\/1807 had encouraged data processing service providers to develop codes of conduct aimed at facilitating switching between different providers and data portability. However, given the limited uptake of the self-regulatory frameworks actually developed and the general lack of open interfaces and standards, the Data Act considered it necessary, if not essential, to adopt a set of minimum and binding regulatory obligations. The regulatory response is set out in Chapter VI, Articles 23 to 31, which establishes a comprehensive system of customer rights and corresponding provider obligations, structured around three key dimensions: contractual, economic and technical. It should also be noted that Article 23 does not merely prohibit the introduction of new obstacles, but requires the active removal of existing ones, including those already embedded in ongoing contracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The scope of Chapter VI is significantly broad, extending to IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service<\/em>), PaaS (Platform as a Service<\/em>) and SaaS (Software as a Service<\/em>) services \u2014 from Amazon Web Services to Microsoft Azure, from Google App Engine to Microsoft 365 \u2014 provided that such services are offered to customers located in the European Union, regardless of where the provider is established. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obligations to remove barriers to switching: the regulatory core of Chapter VI<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Article 23 is, in all respects, the regulatory cornerstone of Chapter VI, as it introduces a genuinely systemic principle: the need to eliminate any obstacle that prevents or makes excessively burdensome a customer\u2019s switch to a different provider of data processing services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of particular importance is the fact that the Data Act does not merely proclaim an abstract right to switch, but identifies with considerable precision the different types of barriers that must be removed for that right to be effectively exercised. These include, first, commercial, pre-contractual and contractual obstacles \u2014 such as disproportionate penalties for early termination or clauses that unduly complicate migration \u2014 and, second, technical and organisational obstacles, such as lack of interoperability, the use of proprietary formats, or unnecessarily complex and insufficiently transparent export procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The removal of these barriers is intended to ensure full operational freedom for customers. In particular, the Regulation pursues multiple objectives: enabling migration to local ICT infrastructures, thereby allowing customers to fully exit the cloud ecosystem; allowing the simultaneous use of services offered by multiple providers, thus supporting more flexible and resilient multicloud models; ensuring that the destination service achieves functional equivalence, so that migration does not result in a significant loss of operational capabilities; and, finally, making it possible to unbundle individual data processing services from broader packages, where technically feasible, in order to prevent forms of lock-in based on the commercial structure of the offering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The overall objective of Article 23 is therefore to ensure that customers can genuinely exercise their freedom of choice by terminating the existing service contract, entering into a new agreement with a different provider, and transferring their exportable data and digital assets without hindrance. In this sense, the provision is not merely declaratory or programmatic in nature, but substantially reshapes the balance of the cloud services market by imposing on providers an active obligation to remove all barriers limiting customer mobility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cloud contracts: mandatory contractual clauses pursuant to article 25<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Article 25 of the Data Act sets out a number of mandatory minimum provisions that must be included in every contract for the provision of data processing services. First, the provider must expressly authorise the customer\u2019s switch to another service, ensuring the transfer of exportable data within a transitional period that may not exceed 30 calendar days from the expiry of the notice period. Where this is technically impossible, however, the provider must inform the customer within 14 working days of the request, duly explain the impossibility, and indicate an alternative period which may not, in any event, exceed seven months. During this phase, full continuity of the service must nevertheless be guaranteed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the transitional period, the provider is also required to ensure reasonable assistance to the customer, maintain full operational continuity of the service, promptly inform the customer of any known risks to such continuity, and guarantee a high level of data security, both during the transfer and storage phases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Differentiated technical obligations pursuant to article 30<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Article 30 introduces differentiated technical obligations depending on the type of service provided. For services comparable to IaaS, the source provider must take all reasonable measures to enable the customer to achieve functional equivalence in the destination service, by providing the relevant and necessary capabilities, information, documentation, technical assistance and tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For services other than infrastructure services \u2014 namely PaaS and SaaS \u2014 the provider must instead make open and free interfaces available to all customers and relevant destination providers, in order to effectively facilitate data portability and interoperability between services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The provider is also required to actively support the customer\u2019s exit strategy by making available all relevant and necessary information to facilitate the migration process. It is significant that the notice period for initiating the switching process may not, in any event, exceed two months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The contract must also identify, in a detailed and analytical manner, all categories of transferable data and digital assets, specifying any exemptions justified by the protection of trade secrets. Such exemptions are admissible only insofar as they do not, in practice, hinder the migration process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the end of the transitional period, the customer must have a minimum period of 30 calendar days to retrieve its data. Once the switching process has been successfully completed, the provider<\/em> is required to proceed with the complete and irreversible deletion of all exportable data and digital assets of the customer. Finally, the applicable switching charges must be clearly indicated, in accordance with Article 29.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the absence of these essential elements, contracts currently in force may potentially be non-compliant with the regulatory framework introduced by the Data Act. For this reason, the review of contractual templates is now an activity of primary importance and urgency, for both providers and corporate customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Switching charges: the path towards free switching<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The economic regime applicable to switching<\/em> is governed by Article 29 of the Data Act, which introduces a progressive abolition of switching charges, aimed at definitively removing any economic barrier to changing provider. The underlying approach is gradual: from 12 September 2025, providers<\/em> are required to ensure full transparency on all costs related to switching and migration; from 12 January 2026, penalties for changing provider are prohibited and migration charges must be reduced to the strictly necessary minimum; finally, from 12 January 2027, switching will become entirely free of charge, including for existing contracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As of June 2026, therefore, the full free-of-charge regime is not yet in force. Providers may still charge switching costs, but only within the limits of the direct costs actually incurred in carrying out the migration. The distinction between a legitimate cost and an improper charge is by no means merely theoretical: the Regulation clarifies that standard service fees and any proportionate penalties for early termination of fixed-term contracts do not automatically qualify as switching charges under the Regulation. It is reasonable to expect that the definition of the scope of admissible costs will become one of the main areas of practical dispute in the coming years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Operational consequences and compliance measures<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The operational message emerging from the analysis of Chapter VI is clear: compliance with the Data Act is not limited to merely updating contractual templates, nor to the isolated adjustment of switching charges. Rather, the real challenge lies at the intersection between the contractual structure, the technical architecture of the service and the provider\u2019s business model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For cloud<\/em> service providers, the compliance process requires, first, a systematic review of all standard contracts in order to verify the inclusion of the mandatory clauses provided for under Article 25; second, an accurate mapping of the categories of exportable data and any exemptions based on the protection of trade secrets, ensuring that such exemptions do not in practice hinder the switching process; third, the definition of documented procedures for handling switching<\/em> requests, including timely communication in cases of technical impossibility; and, finally, the implementation of the technical interfaces required under Article 30, depending on the specific type of service offered.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The freedom to switch cloud service providers has, until now, been more of a theoretical principle than an effective right. Chapter VI of Regulation (EU) 2023\/2854 (Data Act) addresses precisely this critical issue, not as a standalone regulatory regime separate from the contractual framework governing cloud services, but as an additional layer of regulation applying … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":71810,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[795],"tags":[],"area":[],"collana":[],"competenza":[744],"class_list":["post-71817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veroffentlichungen","competenza-daten-technologieinnovation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nChapter VI of the Data Act and cloud switching - LEXIA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Data Act and cloud switching: provider obligations, new customer rights, and contractual and technical compliance measures.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lexia.it\/de\/2026\/07\/01\/data-act-cloud-switching\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chapter VI of the Data Act and cloud switching - 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