{"id":74856,"date":"2026-10-05T12:14:55","date_gmt":"2026-10-05T10:14:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lexia.it\/?p=74856"},"modified":"2026-10-05T15:44:03","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T13:44:03","slug":"dlgs-ai-law-enforcement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lexia.it\/en\/2026\/10\/05\/dlgs-ai-law-enforcement\/","title":{"rendered":"Legislative Decree no. 160\/2026 in force from 30 september 2026: AI, law-enforcement activities and criminal and civil remedies"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>On 30 September 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.normattiva.it\/eli\/id\/2026\/09\/15\/26G00179\/ORIGINAL\">Legislative Decree No. 160 of 9 September 2026 <\/a>on the adaptation of national legislation to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 (the \u201c<strong>AI Act<\/strong>\u201d), laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence, in relation to the use of artificial intelligence systems for law-enforcement activities and civil and criminal liability (the \u201c<strong>Decree<\/strong>\u201d), entered into force. The Decree is the first legislative act adopted pursuant to the delegation under Article 24 of Law No. 132 of 23 September 2025 (the \u201c<strong>AI Act Law<\/strong>\u201d). A second legislative act, concerning the powers of the authorities designated under Article 20 of the AI Act Law, is expected to be published shortly (draft approved by the Council of Ministers on 4 August 2026), ahead of the deadline of 10 October 2026 laid down in Article 24 of the AI Act Law.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Context of the Decree<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Decree forms part of a \u201chuman-centric\u201d regulatory framework, in which AI is a supporting, rather than substitutive, tool for human decision-making, consistently with fundamental rights, the principles of transparency, proportionality and non-discrimination, and personal data protection rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Against this background, the Decree operates along three main lines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>use of AI systems by the Police Forces;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>new criminal and procedural provisions concerning the unlawful development and use of AI systems;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>strengthening of civil procedural remedies for persons suffering damage from the use of AI systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>AI and law-enforcement activities<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Title I of Legislative Decree No. 160 of 2026 governs the use of AI systems and models by the Police Forces, consistently with fundamental rights and the principles of proportionality, non-discrimination, human oversight and transparency referred to in the AI Act Law. Their use follows a \u201crisk-based\u201d approach consistent with the AI Act, with safeguards calibrated to the level of risk, including in relation to high-risk AI systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The central safeguard is qualified human oversight: before the <em>output<\/em> of an AI system may be used in acts or measures affecting the legal position of the persons concerned, it must undergo adequate, documented and traceable human review carried out by designated personnel. For this purpose, implementing Article 4 of the AI Act, the Decree requires specialised training for Police Forces personnel, ensuring: (i) an understanding of the principles governing the operation of AI systems; (ii) <em>knowledge of their limitations and biases<\/em>; (iii) <em>the ability to interpret outputs critically<\/em>; and (iv) awareness of the legal and ethical implications and cybersecurity risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Decree also promotes research and testing projects with universities, research bodies and public or private entities to develop and test AI systems intended for law-enforcement activities, in compliance with EU competition and State aid rules. Such collaborations must regulate ownership of intellectual and industrial property rights in the research results, models and training data, as well as the privacy roles of the parties (controller, joint controller or processor) and the related security measures, excluding the sharing of sensitive operational data and ensuring that the Police Forces retain ownership of models trained on such data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biometrics and facial recognition<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Among the most sensitive aspects of the Decree are the use of real-time remote biometric identification systems in publicly accessible spaces and post-event facial recognition through video surveillance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As regards the former, in line with the AI Act, the legislature permits the use of real-time remote biometric identification systems only following review by the judicial authority and for limited purposes, including the prevention or search for missing persons and victims of certain offences, while excluding any form of generalised surveillance. The access conditions are accompanied by a system of safeguards, in particular: (i) biometric databases are created on a case-by-case basis, contain only the data necessary and must be deleted when the authorisation expires; (ii) incremental archives may not be populated, nor may data be collected through non-targeted scraping; (iii) before each use, a fundamental rights impact assessment and a data protection impact assessment must be carried out; (iv) every use must also be recorded in tamper-proof <em>logs<\/em> accessible to the supervisory authorities; and (v) after use, the data controller must notify the Italian Data Protection Authority, subject to prior clearance from the judicial authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As regards video surveillance, where its installation is permitted by law, systems may incorporate AI components, but facial recognition may be activated only after the images have been acquired and, for the targeted search for a suspect, with the prior authorisation of the preliminary investigations judge, except for initial identification immediately after an offence. Any non-targeted or generalised use is prohibited and, in the event of a breach, use must cease and the data must be deleted. For locations and events presenting specific public-order requirements, facial images are stored locally for seven days, without biometric processing until an offence has been committed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>New criminal offences, administrative liability of legal entities and strengthening of civil actions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Title II implements the delegation under the AI Act Law in relation to the unlawful development and use of AI systems, amending the Criminal Code, the framework governing the administrative liability of legal entities under Legislative Decree No. 231\/2001, and criminal and civil procedural rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, the Decree introduces new Article 437-bis of the Criminal Code, which criminalises: (i) the failure to adopt technical security measures or human-oversight measures for high-risk AI systems where that omission gives rise to a danger to life or public or individual safety; and (ii) the unlawful alteration of high-risk AI systems where an analogous danger results. The same penalty prescribed for the failure to act applies to the professional user of high-risk AI systems who intentionally fails to adopt human-oversight measures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In parallel, new Article 25-vicies of Legislative Decree No. 231\/2001 adds Article 437-bis of the Criminal Code and Article 612-quater of the Criminal Code to the predicate offences attracting pecuniary and disqualifying sanctions, the latter provision concerning the unlawful dissemination of content generated or altered using AI and having already been introduced by the AI Act Law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>New Article 359-ter of the Code of Criminal Procedure, introduced by the Decree, governs identification and location through AI systems for real-time remote biometric identification during preliminary investigations, subject to authorisation by the preliminary investigations judge upon application by the public prosecutor. The authorisation identifies the area, persons, timing and means of use and is limited to a maximum period of 15 days, which may be extended. In urgent cases, the public prosecutor may act by order, subject to validation by the judge and, only where it is not possible to await that validation, the judicial police. Results obtained in breach of these requirements may not be used and must be deleted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For businesses and injured parties, the Decree strengthens civil procedural remedies in cases of damage caused by AI systems and provides for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a more favourable rule on territorial jurisdiction for an injured individual acting for purposes unrelated to his or her business or professional activity, recognising the jurisdiction also of the court of the place where the injured party resides or is domiciled;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>an evidence-access mechanism enabling the court to order the opposing party or third parties to disclose relevant evidence concerning the operation of the AI system, where the claimant makes it plausible that the claim is well-founded;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a rebuttable presumption of a causal link between a breach of obligations under the AI Act and the damage, subject to proof to the contrary;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the possibility for the injured party to request information as to the existence of civil-liability insurance cover for the damage alleged and, where such cover exists, to bring a direct action against the insurance undertaking, up to the limits of the sums insured;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>compliance with the AI Act, even if certified, does not of itself exclude liability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusions and practical implications<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Decree reshapes the internal processes of the Police Forces, businesses that develop or use AI systems and insurance operators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the Police Forces, operational priorities may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>mapping AI systems under development, being tested or already in use;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reviewing contractual arrangements with technology providers and research partners;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>establishing and documenting human-oversight procedures, with clear allocation of roles and responsibilities;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>establishing and updating mandatory training programmes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Businesses providing or using AI systems in the areas addressed by the Decree, such as video surveillance, predictive analytics and biometric systems, may be required to undertake:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a technical and legal audit of the systems supplied or integrated into solutions for the Police Forces;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a review of contracts with public-sector clients to include specific clauses on liability, risk allocation and incident management;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the adoption of technical and organisational documentation enabling them to demonstrate compliance with the obligations under the AI Act and the Decree, in particular in relation to the management of biometric data, the traceability of outputs and bias-mitigation measures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For insurance operators, it may be necessary to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>develop insurance products specifically addressing risks connected with the use of AI systems;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>include targeted questions in information-gathering questionnaires concerning the classification of AI systems, human-oversight procedures, impact assessments and overall <em>governance<\/em>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>put in place claims-handling procedures that take account of the new procedural remedies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>During the transitional period, AI systems already subject to contractual arrangements, in use or under testing for law-enforcement purposes on the date on which the Decree enters into force must be brought into compliance with the provisions of Chapter II of Title I within one year. For Title I provisions whose application depends on the AI Act, the deadlines for the entry into force and implementation of the AI Act itself shall apply.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On 30 September 2026, Legislative Decree No. 160 of 9 September 2026 on the adaptation of national legislation to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689 (the \u201cAI Act\u201d), laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence, in relation to the use of artificial intelligence systems for law-enforcement activities and civil and criminal liability (the \u201cDecree\u201d), entered &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexia.it\/en\/2026\/10\/05\/dlgs-ai-law-enforcement\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":74863,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[665],"tags":[],"area":[],"collana":[],"competenza":[621],"class_list":["post-74856","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publications","competenza-data-technology-innovation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - 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